8月15日，第11届莫斯科国际安全会议召开，全球约80个国家参加。中国国务委员兼国防部长及军工企业代表、国际安全专家等参加了本次会议。

正值战争期间，被西方孤立的俄罗斯会用尽一切手段向世界发声。俄罗斯十分重视这次会议，并做了精心准备。会议首先围绕多极化与西方的问题，设计了俄罗斯政府高官的大会发言，就俄罗斯塑造多极秩序的意义、与西方反多极化的军事斗争及经验、多极化必胜等议题与参会嘉宾交流。此外，会议期间举办了军事装备展览会，在展示俄罗斯军工研发和制造能力的同时，也展示了俄军的战斗力——在会议举办地“爱国者公园”展示俄军缴获的乌克兰军队武器装备。俄罗斯还希望借此次会议，向西方展示有诸多国家愿意与俄罗斯保持良好的军事合作关系。

反对军事霸权

军事霸权指的是超级大国滥用让他国屈服于自己的军事能力。美国历史学家罗伯特•卡根在《历史的回归和梦想的终结》中指出，美国的“胡作非为”之过贯穿在其整个历史之中。美国的外交政策具有很多难以改变的特点，其中就包括对使用武力解决国际问题的极大偏好。任何舆论都无法束缚超级大国的军事行动。即便是超级大国内部出现规模巨大的和平运动，也需要旷日持久的抗争。诸如，历时10年的美国反越战运动。

军事霸权对世界和平及发展有着极为负面的影响。在莫斯科国际安全会议大会发言中，中国国务委员兼国防部长李尚福说，中国领导人提出的全球安全倡议得到国际社会积极响应。安全与发展是基本权利，是每个国家固有的，它们不应该是个别国家的专属特权。为了一个更公正的世界，我们需要团结起来，抵制纵容武力的政策。为了一个更安全的世界，我们需要相互支持，抵制和反对那些到处干涉他国事务的军事霸权。

受当前美俄关系影响，俄罗斯对外情报总局局长谢尔盖·纳雷什金把矛头直指美国。他在大会发言中说，美国精英长期以来一直生活在一个只有他们自己知道的彩虹世界里。在那里，美国继续完全统治着这个星球，是一个无可争议的军事、经济和精神权威，拥有监督和惩罚的专属权力。

相同的立场

对于抵制和反对军事霸权，俄罗斯与中国有着相同的立场。俄罗斯总统普京在大会中强调，北约成员国使用军事和非军事手段向他人施压，特别是美国打算在其认为合适的情况下重新整合亚太地区的国家间关系。事实上，促进所谓“印太战略”的努力就是旨在创建美国领导的军事和政治阵营。

在抵制和反对军事霸权的路径上，俄罗斯与中国也有类似之处。中方的立场是，秉持开放包容原则在全球安全倡议框架下开展与世界各国和国际、地区组织的双多边安全合作，积极推进安全理念对接和利益共融。而俄方强调，将继续支持以国际法准则和原则为优先，以国家主权和平等、创造性合作和信任为基础的多极世界秩序。为了显示中俄抵制和反对军事霸权的共同决心，俄防长绍伊古在与中国防长的工作会议上强调，俄罗斯同中国是战略伙伴、好邻居和忠实的朋友。

中国军事外交的设想

尽管现行的国际秩序衍生了军事霸权，但中国并不想打碎并重建现行的国际秩序，而是要引导国际社会共同塑造更加公正合理的国际新秩序。为此，中方在莫斯科国际安全会议上提出，深化与世界各国武装部队的全面务实合作，共同实施《全球安全倡议》。具体的设想是：

首先，在不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的基础上，不断加强对军事安全的战略信任。目前，中国已在军事领域与超过158个国家进行交流，未来则将继续加强与世界各国武装力量的军事交流及合作；

第二，进一步推动安全领域合作平台的建设。在已有的50多个安全合作机制上，继续支持和积极参加、举办、深化各种安全对话机制；

第三，不断加强安全领域相关的务实合作，深化包括军事技术、装备和后勤、打击恐怖主义、军事教育、军事援助、联合军事演习和培训等领域的合作。

面对世界之变，中国军事外交需要学习以往从未扮演过的国际角色，即在抵制和反对军事霸权的同时，与其他强国共存和互动。中国军队积极落实《全球安全倡议》，体现了中国军事外交的务实、灵活和谨慎，是用自己的实际行动维护世界和平。

Russia, which has been isolated by the West since the start of the war in Ukraine, needs to use every means to have its voice heard by the rest of the world.The 11th Moscow Conference on International Security began on Aug. 15, with about 80 countries participating. Russia attached great importance to the meeting and made meticulous preparations.

First, it arranged speeches by ranking Russian officials on multipolarization and the West, as well as exchanges on the significance of Russian efforts to achieve a multipolar world order, its military struggle against Western anti-multi-polarization and corresponding experiences and the inevitable success of multipolarization.Second, it held a military equipment exhibition, demonstrating both the research and development as well as manufacturing capabilities of the Russian military industry and its combat strength. Military equipment captured from Ukraine's forces were put on display in Patriot Park, the venue for the meeting. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said at the event that Russia's military equipment capacity had surpassed that of the West.Third, it demonstrated to the West that many countries are willing to maintain military cooperation with Russia. The Chinese state councilor and defense minister, as well as military industry representatives and international security experts attended the meeting.

Opposing military hegemony

Military hegemony reflects a superpower's abuse of its military capacity to make other countries bow. As American historian Robert Kagan wrote in “The Return of History and The End of Dreams,” misdeeds run through the entire history of the United States. U.S. foreign policy has many characteristics that are difficult to change, including the extreme preference for resolving international issues through force. No public opinion can constrain a superpower's military actions. Even if a peace movement of enormous scale arises within the superpower, with protracted resistance — for example, the protests against the Vietnam War in the U.S., which lasted a decade — the military direction is hard to change.

Military hegemony has an extremely negative influence on world peace and, in particular, on China's development. In his Moscow speech, Chinese State Councilor and Defense Minister Li Shangfu said the Global Security Initiative proposed by China has received a positive response from the international community. Security and development are every country's inherent basic rights, not special privileges. For a more just world, we need to unite to boycott policies that condone force. For a safer world, we need to support each other and boycott and oppose military hegemony that interferes with other countries' affairs.

Sergei Naryshkin, director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, pointed his finger at the U.S., saying in his speech that American elites have always lived in a rainbow kingdom known only to themselves — a kingdom in which the United States continues to rule this planet as a indisputable military, economic and spiritual authority, with exclusive power to supervise and punish.

Common stance

Russia and China share the same stance on rejecting and resisting military hegemony. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the meeting that NATO members mount pressure on others using both military and non-military means. The U.S., in particular, attempts to re-integrate state-to-state relations in the Asia-Pacific under conditions it deems appropriate. In fact, the endeavors to promote its so-called Indo-Pacific Strategy are aimed at creating U.S.-led military and political camps.

Russia and China also have taken similar routes in fighting military hegemony. The Chinese stance is to carry out multilateral security cooperation with individual countries, as well as international and regional organizations under the Global Security Initiative, following the principle of openness and inclusiveness, and actively promotes the dovetailing of security ideas with the integration of interests.The Russian side emphasized that it will continue supporting a multipolar world order based on national sovereignty and equality, creative cooperation and trust that prioritizes rules of international law. To highlight the two countries' common resolve to fight military hegemony, the Russian Defense Minister stressed during a working meeting with his Chinese counterpart that Russia and China are strategic partners, good neighbors and loyal friends.

Chinese military diplomacy

Although the current international order has given rise to military hegemony, China has no intention of breaking up or rebuilding it. Instead, China would lead the international community to work together to shape a new international order that is more just and reasonable. In that vein, the Chinese side at the Moscow conference proposed the deepening of all-around pragmatic cooperation with all countries' militaries in implementing the Global Security Initiative. The specific plan unfolds as follows:

• First, continuously strengthen strategic confidence in military security on the basis of non-alignment, non-confrontation, and not targeting third parties. China has carried out military exchanges with 158 countries, and will continue enhancing exchanges and cooperation with foreign militaries.

• Second, further promote platform-building for cooperation in security fields. Continue supporting and actively participating in various security dialogue mechanisms on the basis of the more than 50 existing security cooperation mechanisms.

• Third, continue consolidating pragmatic collaboration in security-related areas, while deepening cooperation in such realms as military technology, equipment, logistics, anti-terror, military education, military aid, joint military drills and training.

Facing recent changes in international conditions, Chinese military diplomacy needs to learn to play an international role that it has never played before — that is to coexist and interact with other powers, while rejecting and fighting military hegemony. By proactively implementing the Global Security Initiative, the Chinese military has illustrated the pragmatism, flexibility and prudence of Chinese military diplomacy. It is preserving world peace through its own practical moves.