“十二五”时期，是中国改革开放伟大历史进程中极不平凡的五年。中国经济发展进入“新常态”，面临的国际国内环境异常复杂严峻。然而，中国逐步摆脱了国际金融危机后的巨大冲击和影响，全面深化行政、国企、财税、金融、价格等各领域改革，着力实施“一带一路”、互联网+，以及制造业2025等重大战略，大力推进大众创业、万众创新，成功推动中国经济实现中高速增长、迈向中高端水平，人民生活得到显著改善。 

近日中国社交网络流行的视频《十三五之歌》则吸引了不少眼球。

国民经济保持中高速增长，综合国力显著提升。“十二五”期间，中国GDP年均实际增长率约7.8%，由高速增长转为中高速增长，不仅明显高于同期世界GDP3.5%的增速，也高于新兴和发展中国家5%左右的增速。经济总量稳居世界第二，对世界经济增长的贡献超过25%。2015年中国GDP约11万亿美元，占世界份额近15%，比2010年提高约6个百分点。2015年人均GDP将达到8000美元，2011-2015年年均增长7.3%左右。与此同时，国家财政实力不断增强，“十二五”期间中国财政收入年均增长率将达到12.5%左右。外汇储备仍居世界第一，2015年末中国外汇储备规模仍将高达约3.36万亿美元。

经济发展的协调性明显增强，结构调整取得积极进展。“十二五”时期，中国经济结构转型不断深化，服务业发展明显加快，三次产业结构不断优化，服务业占GDP比重年均提高约1个百分点。内需对中国经济增长的拉动作用显著增强，最终消费率由2010年的49.1%提升至2014年的51.4%，最终消费支出对GDP的贡献由2010年的46.9%增加至2014年的51.6%，有效弥补了外需下降对国内经济的影响。新型城镇化建设稳步推进，至2014年城镇化率已达到54.8%，城乡一体化发展进程进一步加快。区域发展的协调性也不断增强，中西部地区的区位劣势不断弱化。

人民生活显著改善，社会保障事业全面推进。城乡居民收入的快速增长是人民生活改善的重要标志，而就业的稳定为居民增收提供了良好保障，2011-2014年中国累计实现城镇新增就业5119万人，远远超过预期目标。城乡居民收入快速增长，2014年城镇居民人均可支配收入达到28844元，年均实际增长率达到7.9%；2014年农村居民人均纯收入达到9892元，年均实际增长10.2%。覆盖城乡的中国特色社会保障制度框架已经初步形成，目前中国参加养老保险的人数达到8.46亿，覆盖率超过80%，医疗保险三项制度的覆盖率超过95%，生育、失业和工伤保险的覆盖人数也分别超过了1亿。居民健康水平不断提高，人均期望寿命已经达到75岁。

基础设施和基础产业发展迅速，支撑经济发展的作用增强。截至2014年底，中国铁路营业里程达到11.2万公里，其中高速铁路运营里程达到1.6万公里，位居世界第一。中国高铁还驶出国门，参与多国铁路建设，成为彰显国力的名片。农业基础进一步稳固，2011-2014年中国粮食产量年均增长2.7%，实现了“十一连增”，谷物、肉类、籽棉、花生、茶叶、水果等农产品产量稳居世界第一。基础研究取得一批重大成果，科技创新能力不断增强，2014年中国研发经费占GDP比重达到2.09%，专利申请量和授权量大幅增加，迈过创新型国家的门槛。

对外开放水平不断提升，新一轮高水平对外开放局面形成。“十二五”时期，中国加快构建开放型经济体制，对外开放的深度和广度得到进一步拓展。2011-2014年中国进出口年均增速达到9.6%，2013年中国成为世界第一的货物贸易大国。服务贸易取得长足发展，2014年服务贸易年进出口总额已突破6000亿美元。利用外资规模不断扩张，2014年实际利用外商直接投资额达到1195.6亿美元，首次跃居全球第一。“走出去”战略不断深入落实，对外投资快速增长，2014年全行业对外直接投资1160亿美元，首次实现了双向投资接近平衡。2011-2014年对外承包工程合同额和营业额分别增长11.6%和9.3%。

节能减排降耗取得显著成效，经济发展质量稳步提高。“十二五”以来，中国大力推进资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设，节能减排降耗取得了显著成效，环境质量得到明显改善。以2010年不变价计算，中国每万元GDP能耗从2010年的0.90吨标准煤下降至2014年的0.78吨标准煤，四年累计下降13.4%。2014年非化石能源消费占一次能源消费的比重达到11.4%，2015年上半年清洁能源消费占能源消费总量的比重达到了17.1%，煤炭使用率下降到64%。大气污染和水污染防治取得明显成效，二氧化硫排放量年均降低2.6%。

在中国经济社会发展取得巨大成就的同时，也应清醒地看到其中存在的一些深层次矛盾和问题。首先，经济发展的内生动力不足，创新驱动的作用不明显。“十二五”时期中国的企业创新能力虽获得了长足的进步，但还未形成强劲的内生发展动力，企业研发能力依然偏弱。其次，改革开放以来中国传统的劳动力低成本优势正在逐渐减弱，借助利用外资、引进技术等途径实现技术进步的空间缩小，资源环境的压力不断加大，对经济发展将产生制约。再次，各类金融风险逐步显性化，产能过剩问题造成企业盈利能力下降，地方政府财政收入放缓和土地出让收入的减少可能引发地方政府债务危机，房地产市场的深度调整将可能导致银行坏账率上升，增大经济运行的系统性风险。最后，各种社会矛盾复杂交织，城乡区域发展不平衡问题依旧存在，社会保障和公共服务体系改革相对滞后，经济、司法等领域中腐败案件时有发生等都给未来的经济发展累积了风险。

因此，“十三五”时期中国将持续推进经济社会领域的全方位改革，坚持科学发展，主动适应经济发展的“新常态”，以更强的信心和更大的勇气攻克改革过程中的种种困难和问题，最终为实现中华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”奠定坚实的基础。

The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-15) has been an extraordinary period in China's historic process of reform and opening up. During the five years, amid a complicated domestic and international environment, China's economy developed onto a stage of “new normal,” featuring a slower but sustainable growth. During the period, China gradually shed the impact of the global financial crisis, and deepened reforms in government administration, State-owned enterprises, finance, taxation and pricing mechanism. China also implemented a series of far-reaching strategies, including the “One Belt and One Road” Initiative, Internet Plus and Made in China 2025, kick-started a drive of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and promoted the upgrading of the Chinese economy and manufacturing. More importantly, people's living standard was remarkably improved.

The economy maintained medium-to-high growth. During the five years, GDP growth averaged at about 7.8%, shifting gears from high-speed growth to a high-to-medium rate. Still, this growth rate was much higher that the global average of about 3.5%, and was also faster than the 5% growth registered by other emerging and developing countries. China kept its status as the second-largest economy in the world, and contributed 25% to global economic growth. In 2015, China's GDP was about $11 trillion, about 15% of the global total, or about six percentage points higher than in 2010. Per-capita GDP in 2015 amounted to $8,000, registering an annual growth of about 7.3% from 2011 to 2015. Fiscal revenue maintained an average annual growth of about 12.5%, and foreign-exchange reserves were the biggest in the world, likely to hover around $3.36 trillion at the end of 2015.

The economic development was well-coordinated, with structure further optimized. From 2011 to 2015, the services industry outperformed the primary and secondary industries, rising by about one percentage point per year in its proportion in total GDP. Domestic consumption was playing a growing role in driving the economy. The final consumption rate rose from 49.1% in 2010 to 51.4% in 2014, and the contribution by final consumption expenditure to GDP also increased from 46.9% in 2010 to 51.6% in 2014. The rising domestic consumption effectively offset the impact on the Chinese economy by shrinking external demand. The urbanization drive was progressing smoothly, and by the end of 2014, China's urbanization rate had reached 54.8%. With well-coordinated regional development, the regional disadvantages of the central and western regions were weakening.

People's living standard was improving, and social security was strengthening. The fast rise in incomes of urban and rural residents was an important indicator of a rising living standard, and stable employment was the guarantee for rising incomes. From 2011 to 2014, a total of 51.19 million new urban jobs were created, far beyond the preset goals. Urban and rural residents' incomes increased fast. In 2014, per-capita disposable income of urban residents was 28,844 yuan, an annual real growth of 7.9%; and rural residents' per-capita income reached 9,892 yuan, marking an annual real growth of 10.2%. During the period, China has basically established a social security system covering both urban and rural residents, bringing 846 million people under the pension coverage of the social safety net or 80% of the total population. The coverage rates of other social insurances such as medical, unemployment and work-related injury also expanded. People's health was improving and the average life expectancy has reached 75.

Fast development of infrastructure facilities and basic industries was propping up the economic growth. By the end of 2014, China's railway network had reached a length of 112,000 kilometers, including 16,000 kilometers of high-speed railways, ranking first in the world. China's high-speed railway is also making inroads in the global market, and has taken part in the high-speed railway construction in several countries. The fundamental role of agriculture was further consolidated. Grain output maintained an annual increase of 2.7% from 2011 to 2014, achieving bumper harvests for 11 consecutive years, and China's production of grains, meat, cotton, peanut, tea and fruits was ranked the first in the world. With important achievements in basic researches, China's innovation capability in technology was also growing. In 2014, R&D outlays accounted for 2.094% of China's GDP, and the number of patent applications and approvals has been rising, adding strength to China's innovation capability.

The opening-up drive was elevated to a higher level. During the five years, China sped up the building of an open economy and further expanded its opening-up drive. From 2011 to 2014, the annual average growth in foreign trade was 9.6%, and in 2013, China became the biggest trader of general merchandise. Services trade also developed fast, with value reaching over $600 billion in 2014. The volume of foreign direct investment in China amounted to $119.56 billion in 2014, leaping to the pole position in the world. China's “going global” strategy was further implemented, and outbound direct investment also rose rapidly. In 2014, total ODI was $116 billion, striking a basic balance between FDI and ODI for the first time. From 2011 to 2014, the contractual value of overseas engineering projects and the business revenue grew by 11.6% and 9.3%, respectively.

Great progress was made in energy conservation and emission control. During the five years, China promoted the construction of a resource-effective and environmentally friendly society, with remarkable achievements made in energy conservation, emissions control and reduction in energy consumption, and in environmental improvement. Calculated at 2010 constant prices, China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP output dropped from 0.9 ton of standard coal in 2010 to 0.78 ton in 2014, an accumulative 13.4% in the four years. In 2014, the ratio of non-fossil fuel consumption in total primary energy consumption reached 11.4%, and in the first half of 2015, the ratio of clean-energy consumption in total energy consumption grew to 17.1%, with the ratio for coal declining to 64%. Remarkable progress was made in treating atmospheric and water pollution, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide declined by an annual 2.6% during the period.

However, we should not be carried away by these tremendous achievements made in socioeconomic development, and should remain sober-minded about some deep-seeded problems.

First, innovation is yet to play a driving force in economic development. During the 12th Five-Year Pan, innovation capability of Chinese enterprises did make big strides forward, but it has yet to become a powerful, inherent force in driving economic growth, and enterprises are still fairly weak in terms of research and development. Second, amid the deepening of reform and opening up in the past decades, China's traditional advantage in low-cost labor has been weakening, the possibility for technological advancement by the means of foreign-capital utilization or technology introduction is becoming slim, and the resources and environmental pressure are building up. These are now the bottlenecks to economic development. Third, financial risks are emerging, overcapacity is denting companies' profitability, the slowdown in local government revenue and the decline in land-sale incomes for local coffers could trigger a local government debt crisis, and the prolonged sluggish real estate market could result in a sharp rise in banks' nonperforming loans. All these factors combined will increase the systemic risks for the entire economy. Finally, various social problems are intermingled, the imbalance in regional development is still a problem, reforms in social security and public service systems are still lagging, and corruption cases in the economic and judicial fields are discovered now and then. All these risks will also cast shadows over future economic development.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20), which is still in the making, China should stick to the strategy of comprehensive reform in the social and economic sectors, actively adjust to the tune of “new normal” for economic development, have the confidence and courage to overcome all difficulties and problems, and build solid foundations for the realization of the Chinese dream.